Human Resource Management How Groups Behave Differently From Individ

Human Resource Management : How Groups Behave Differently From Individuals ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND ANALYSIS COURSE ASSIGNMENT QUESTION 2 IN WHAT WAYS DO GROUPS BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY FROM INDIVIDUALS? This essay will attempt to answer the above question by not only studying the conduct of individuals and groups in a work context, but also by looking at the causes of behaviour. Organisational behaviour theories, experiments and case studies will be used to investigate the behaviour of first the individual and then the group in a work environment. The term group for the purposes of this assignment as been defined as a formal group which has been established by an organisation at a point in time in with the purpose of achieving a specified goal. Although it is noted that many friendship and informal groupings do develop. When both the behaviour of the individual and the group have been assessed, a discussion will be made as to how these behavioural patterns differ, why they differ and to what extent they differ. Individual Behaviour There are many theories of human behaviour used for the purposes of management and these are constantly being updated. Traditional management thinking focuses on the idea that in order to understand how a person will act in a given set of circumstances, individuals motives have to be assessed. A more modern approach looks at the individuals: abilities, personality, personality traits, ethics and culture. Traditional View In earlier models it was first assumed that people were basically the same, that they had the same wants and needs. Leavitt [1] suggested that there are certain generalisations, which are useful in predicting human behaviour. In order to illustrate these generalisations he asked this question, What are the fundamental, unexceptionally truths of human behaviour? Some of the answers he found included: People are products of their environment. People want security. All people want is bread and butter. People are fundamentally lazy. People are fundamentally selfish. People want the chance to show what they can do. Although many of the answers that were received were contradictory, Leavitt believed that at another level the contradiction disappears and that there are three basic assumptions that can be made about human behaviour. Firstly that human behaviour is caused by outside influences this is termed as causality. Secondly is the idea of directness, which assumes that a person's behav iour when caused is directed towards something, i.e., it is goal orientated. Thirdly is the belief that underlying behaviour there is always a motivation, a need or a want. By using these assumptions a model can be developed for understanding an individual's conduct. It was thought that if motive influences a behaviour, which allows an individual to arrive at a goal, when the goal is reached the motive no longer exists and so a new motive is created. This has been illustrated in the diagram below. Basic Model of Behaviour Stimulus Need Goal Want Tension Discomfort behaviour Individual Source Leavitt [1] This idea is related to Maslow's hierarchy theory [2] were there are two basic premises. Firstly that people have needs such as: security, social interaction and self esteem, secondly that these needs are arranged in a hierarchical form. A person will attempt to attain each need in order from the bottom (the most immediate) need to the top need. Maslow's ideas were generally accepted in business, however they were solely based on observations and never actually proved by empirical, statistical or experimental data. Mangers thought the model to be true because it sounded logical. The Hierarchy Theory has since been updated and improved most notably by Murry H A who suggested that needs are not necessarily arranged in a hierarchical form, his model is more flexible in describing people. Contemporary View Another way of studying behaviour is through individual differences, Steers [3] believes that these differences are the main components that will affect the way a person behaves. If we consider this from work perspective the main elements of behaviour are an individual's distinct: abilities, personality, values and ethics and culture. A worker's ability, refers to their capacity and desire to respond to any given situation or problem. Capacity to respond include elements such as mental and physical skill, perception capability and stress tolerance, while desire to respond refers to motivation. It could be argued that the characteristic of ability refers

Robert Moses essays

Robert Moses essays I had no idea that Robert Moses had so much influence on so many people, and was surprised to find out that he is not as well known, as he should be. I asked ten people at my job and out of the ten only one person knew who Robert Moses was. The person that did know about him said that they heard of Robert Moses Park but didnt know any of his other accomplishments. After that short tally I didnt feel that bad not knowing who he was. Another thing that surprised me was when I was talking to one of my friends about this paper, he actually knew who Robert Moses was without me telling him. He then confessed that the only reason he knew about him was because he works on bridges. Honestly I think he wouldnt have know who he was if he wasnt working on bridges. Even though Robert Moses has a direct affect on a lot of people in New York City he really hasnt had that great of an impact on mine. The reasons I will go into, a little later on in the paper. So who really is Robert Moses? He is known to many as a masterbuilder and the power broker, which are two great terms to define a person such as himself. He is responsible for what New York City is today and with out his contributions New York City wouldnt be the same. Lets imagine no bridges in New York City, no parks, no beaches or no housing authorities it would be extremely hard to get by in New York City. Having to use main streets to travel around New York City would be a serious problem and would take forever. How would we get from one borough to another? If it werent for some of Robert Moses roadways that wouldnt be possible. Robert Moses is responsible for the Long Island Expressway, better yet know to everyone as the LIE. Which is the way many people suburbs get to work in New York City, one of them is my aunt. Other creations of Mr. Moses are the Meadowbrook State Parkway and the Wantagh State Parkway, which are known to almost all...

Murderous Monsters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Murderous Monsters - Research Paper Example Her look does not obviously point out to a murderer but she is definitely a monster a theory she quickly banishes in front of police by saying, ‘†¦looks can be deceiving†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Miranda Barbour | Murderpedia, the Encyclopedia of Murderers). Miranda claimed that she had been sexually abused by an uncle when she was thirteen years old and it was set her desire for murder in action. She felt she wanted revenge for what her uncle had done to her. Her mother Elizabeth confirmed the claim stating that her sister’s husband was a child sexual convict after being in prison for fourteen years and that the act overwhelmed her .She was thirteen years of age by then and it was when she committed her first murder. This murder she claimed to have perpetrated after joining a devilish cult which introduced her to murder. Her mentor and cult leader invited Miranda to escort him to one of his debtors whom they lured into an alley. Inside the alley, the cult leader shot the debtor and finally gave Miranda the gun to also try shooting. Although she shot the man, Miranda confessed that she never likes killing her victims with guns she likes using a knife a murder weapon consistent even with the murder of troy. Since her first shootin g incidence where her cult leader taught her how to shoot by placing his hands and hers on the trigger and killing the debtor instantly, the thirst to kill just grew and grew bigger?( Satan, Rape and Murder: The Life of Miranda Barbour, Craigslist Killer). Miranda was soon joined by a young man Elyette Barbour who was also in the devilish cult with her. They tied the knot in October twenty thirteen when he was twenty two years old. She got pregnant but her cult membersperformed several abortions on her by use of drugs while being tied on a chair. The pregnancies were not form her husband Elyette but were form cult leaders since having sexual relations with children was part of the cult’s many rituals. He pregnancy form her husband occurred

English Criminal law Problem question - Discuss the criminal Essay

English Criminal law Problem question - Discuss the criminal liability, if any, of Bruiser for the murder of Dot - Essay Example In the event the actus rea and the mens rea are concurrent, then the accused person will be deemed fully liable for the act and be penalized for first degree murder. The establishment of mens rea is particularly important to establish guilt, since according to Edward Coke who first proposed the theory of mens rea, â€Å"an act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.†2 When a criminal act – especially murder – has occurred, it is also necessary to establish a concurrence with the mens rea.3 The case of R v Lamb4 set out the precedent that mens rea â€Å"is an essential ingredient in manslaughter†. The criterion that is used is by assessing whether a reasonable man would have been able to assess the risk inherent in his actions that caused harm, which will be sufficient to establish mens rea5. However, a recent significant development in this area is the case of R v Andrews6 (2003), wherein the Court upheld a conviction for manslaughter although it was a strict liability offense. The prosecution was not required to prove mens rea in that case7. This could impact significantly upon the extent of Bru iser’s liability and the possibility of conviction. The context within which an offense occurs forms an important part of the sentencing and in making a determination of the extent of liability of a person when mitigating circumstances exist, the accused could be deemed to have a diminished responsibility for his actions and will be liable for the lesser charge of manslaughter. However, there is also provision in English law for transferred malice, whereby a person intending to cause grievous bodily harm to one person may actually cause it to another by some slip or change in circumstances, nevertheless the accused will be deemed to be as guilty as if he had intended to carry out the damage on the second person. Moreover, in making the determination about whether grievous bodily harm has taken place, the Court will also

Financial Engineering Essay Example for Free

Financial Engineering Essay University of Stratchclyde is amongst one of the top ranking universities in the United Kingdom. The university is located right at the heart of Glasgow, Scotland’s biggest and most cosmopolitan city. The University of Stratchclyde was founded in 1796 when John Anderson, Professor of Natural philosophy at Glasgow University left instructions in his will to establish a university which should be a place for useful learning for everyone. His vision was realized when Anderson’s university opened later in the same year he died. The university developed rapidly since its inception and by the 1890s, had become a major technological institution with a wide reputation for research and learning. This rapid expansion meant that there was a need of raising more finances for opening up a new building for the university. For this purpose, a fundraising campaign was started by the governors and as a result a, the Glasgow and West of technical college building, now the Royal College Building was opened in George street(strath. ac. uk. ,n. d. ). The primary focus was on science and engineering, though it also offered some courses in management. The college was known for producing some of the best scientists and engineers of its time. In 1964, the Royal College was granted the Royal Charter and thus became the University of Strathclyde. In 1993, the University of Strathclyde merged with Jordan hill College of Education, which is Scotland’s Premier teacher training college(strath. ac. uk. , n. d). This new faculty offers teacher training alongside courses such as speech and language pathology, social work, sport and outdoor education. At the time the University received its Royal Charter, it had some 4,000 full-time students and only a single block of buildings fronted by the Royal College. Today University of Strathclyde has become the third largest university in Scotland.

mortgage :: essays research papers

Mortgage Terms Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM): A mortgage with interest rates and monthly payments adjusted at regular intervals based on changes in either a national or regional index. Also called "variable-rate mortgage." Amortization: A loan payment schedule characterized by equal periodic payments that are calculated to meet current interest payments and retire the principal at the end of a fixed period (at maturity if the loan is fully amortized). Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The total yearly cost of a mortgage stated as a percentage of the loan amount; includes such items as the base interest rate, private mortgage insurance, and loan origination fee (points). Appraisal: A written analysis of the estimated value of a property prepared by a qualified appraiser. ARM Margin: The spread (or difference) between the index rate and the mortgage interest rate for an adjustable-rate mortgage. Balloon Mortgage: A mortgage in which the debt service (the regular payments of principal and interest) will not result in the complete payment of the loan by the end of the mortgage term. Cap: A provision of an ARM limiting how much the interest rate or mortgage payments may increase or decrease. Cash Reserve: A requirement of some lenders that buyers have sufficient cash remaining after closing to make the first two monthly mortgage payments. Closing: The completion of a real estate transaction that transfers rights of ownership to the buyer. Also called "settlement." Condominium: A type of property ownership within a multiunit complex in which the homeowner owns a unit and a proportionate interest in certain common areas, such as the grounds of the complex. Contingency: A condition that must be met before a contract is legally binding. Conventional Mortgage: A loan that is not insured or guaranteed by the federal government. Credit Report: A report from an independent agency that verifies a loan applicant's information on previous debts and liabilities. Deed: The legal document conveying title to a property. Down Payment: The part of the purchase price which the buyer pays in cash and does not finance with a mortgage. Earnest Money: A deposit made by the potential home buyer to show that he or she is serious about buying the house. Easement: A right of way giving persons other than the owner access to or over a property. Equity: A homeowner's financial interest in a property. Equity is the difference between the fair market value of a property and the amount still owed on the mortgage.

Poem appreciation – A Poem should not mean but be

In the poem ‘A Poem should not mean but be' the poet causes the reader to question themselves over how they read a poem, how they see it. ‘A Poem should not mean but be' the Poet here from the title is saying a poem should not be looked upon by people as just words on paper, seeing them as empty and meaningless, but experience the feeling and emotion that has been expressed in poems. A poem is a verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by the use of language chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme. This is what the Poet is trying to get across to the reader of this poem ‘Does it work when the word happiness is pronounced?' here right from the start of the poem the Poet asks the question ‘Does it work when the word happiness is pronounced?' he is putting this question to the audience forcing them to think does it make it happen?, does it bring it to life?, happiness?. In this quote from the poem the Poet is asking the reader are they really feeling the feeling and emotion which is being expressed in poems when they read them rather than just seeing the words. ‘Never is the happiness because orgasm and orgasm are worlds apart', in this quote from the Poet it shows him expressing his view when he says ‘Never is the happiness' meaning not ever, on no occasion, at no time is it felt in the poem. The Poet uses the word orgasm to represent the strong feeling of emotional excitement which he obviously feels has been put in poems should be conveyed to the reader. The Poet does not feel that these feelings of emotional excitement expressed in Poems are being picked up by the reader, this is shown when he says ‘orgasm and orgasm are worlds apart' this shows just how often the Poet feels the readers of poems are on the same wavelength, way of thinking as the one who wrote the poem. ‘At times I see it – words that are pulled from the depths of unknowing', here the Poet is telling the reader on occasion he sees the words from Poems rely being fully felt for what he believes they should be, the true feeling and emotion ‘from the depths of the unknowing' I quote from the Poet.  Read also Critical appreciation of the poem â€Å"Old Ladies’ Home†. ‘The secret of life in a sudden line of poetry through the washed rooms of the simple senses', here the poet is once again speaking about how he feels the readers are seeing the poems. ‘The secret of life in a sudden line of poetry', here when the Poet says ‘the secret of life' he is telling us just how much feeling he thinks is put into poems. ‘The secret of life' refers to the feelings and emotions inside of the Poet who has written the poem . ‘In a sudden line of poetry', in this quote the Poet uses the word ‘sudden' to relate to the unforeseen feeling and emotion that has been put into any poem it is unforeseen by the reader because it is coming out of the Poet. ‘Through the washed rooms of the simple senses' here the Poet once again tells us how he feels readers are not feeling the fullness of poems. This quote from the Poet tells us he feels that the feeling and emotions in poems are passing through the mind, as ‘washed rooms' he refers to it in the poem. The Poet believes the reader is unaware of how to feel the of the depths of the poem by not seeing past the words on paper, using their ‘simple senses' I quote from the Poet. A Poem should not mean but be is an exceptionally well written composition which really conveys the feelings of the Poet onto the reader through by the literature used in the text. This Poem really shows the reader how much feeling and emotion is put into a poem and acknowledge the hidden depths of a poem. I found it a compelling ballad which causes much cerebration.